Mabda'a halsano compost organic

1. Dulmar

Nooc kasta oo ka mid ah wax soo saarka compost organic tayada sare leh waa in uu maraa habka halsano.Burburinta waa hab ay maadada organic-ga ah ay hoos u dhigto oo ay dejiso nooleyaal ku jira xaalado gaar ah si loo soo saaro badeecad ku habboon isticmaalka dhulka.

Composting, oo ah hab qadiimi ah oo fudud oo lagu daweeyo qashinka dabiiciga ah iyo samaynta bacriminta, ayaa soo jiidatay dareenka dalal badan sababtoo ah muhiimada deegaanka, waxay sidoo kale faa'iido u leedahay wax soo saarka beeraha.Waxaa la sheegay in cudurrada ka dhasha carrada lagu xakameyn karo iyadoo la isticmaalayo compost-ka qudhuntay sida seeraha.Ka dib heerka heerkulka sare ee habka composting, tirada bakteeriyada lidka ku ah waxay gaari kartaa heer aad u sarreeya, ma fududa in la burburiyo, xasilloon, oo si sahlan loo nuugo dalagyada.Dhanka kale, ficilka sheyga yar yar wuxuu yarayn karaa sunta biraha culus ee xad gaar ah.Waxaa la arki karaa in bacriminta ay tahay hab sahlan oo waxtar leh oo lagu soo saaro bacriminta bio-organic, taas oo faa'iido u leh horumarinta beeraha deegaanka. 

Muxuu compost sidan ugu shaqeeyaa?Kuwa soo socdaa waa sharraxaad aad u faahfaahsan oo ku saabsan mabaadi'da curinta:

 2. Mabda'a halsano compost organic

2.1 Beddelka walxaha dabiiciga ah inta lagu jiro curinta

Isbeddelka walxaha organic ee compost ee hoos yimaada ficilka noolaha waxaa lagu soo koobi karaa laba hab: mid waa macdanta walxaha organic, taas oo ah, kala-goynta walxaha organic adag ee walxaha fudud, midda kale waa habka hoos u dhigista walxaha organic. taas oo ah, kala-goynta iyo isku-dhafka walxaha organic si ay u soo saaraan walxo organic gaar ah oo aad u adag-humus.Labada hab waxa la fuliyaa isku mar laakiin jihada ka soo horjeeda.Xaalado kala duwan, xoojinta habka kasta waa ka duwan yahay.

2.1.1 Macdanta walxaha dabiiciga ah

• Burburka maadada organic-free nitrogen-free

Iskudhisyada Polysaccharide ( istaarijka, cellulose, hemicellulose) ayaa marka hore hydrolyzed galay monosaccharides by hydrolytic enzymes qarsoodi ah microorganisms.Alaabooyinka dhexdhexaadka ah sida khamriga, acetic acid, iyo oxalic acid ma fududa in la ururiyo, oo ugu dambeyntii waxay sameeyeen CO₂ iyo H₂O, waxayna sii daayeen tamar badan oo kuleyl ah.Haddii hawadu xumaato, hoos ficilka microbe-ka, monosaccharide ayaa si tartiib ah u jajaban doona, soo saari doona kulayl yar, oo ururinaysa qaar ka mid ah alaabada dhexdhexaadka ah - acids organic.Marka la eego xaaladda nooleyaasha gaaska celisa, yaraynta walxaha sida CH₄ iyo H₂ waa la soo saari karaa.

• Burburka walxaha dabiiciga ah ee nitrogen ka kooban

Walxaha dabiiciga ah ee Nitrogen-ku ka kooban yahay ee ku jira compost waxaa ka mid ah borotiinka, amino acids, alkaloids, hummus, iyo wixii la mid ah.Marka laga reebo humus, inta badan si fudud ayaa loo gooyaa.Tusaale ahaan, borotiinka, oo hoos yimaada fal-dambiyeedka borotiinka ee uu soo daayo microorganism, wuxuu hoos u dhigaa tallaabo tallaabo, wuxuu soo saaraa asiidhyada amino ee kala duwan, ka dibna waxay sameeyaan cusbo ammonium iyo nitrate siday u kala horreeyaan iyada oo loo marayo ammonium iyo nitration, taas oo la nuugi karo oo laga faa'iideysan karo dhirta.

• Isbeddelka xeryahooda organic ee fosfooraska ka kooban ee compost

Iyada oo la raacayo ficilka noocyo kala duwan oo yaryar oo saprophytic ah, waxay sameeyaan fosfooraska acid, kaas oo noqda nafaqo ay dhirtu nuugi karto oo ka faa'iideysan karto.

• Beddelka walxaha dabiiciga ah ee baaruudku ka kooban yahay

Sulfur-ka kooban walxaha organic ee compost, iyada oo loo marayo doorka microorganisms si ay u soo saaraan hydrogen sulfide.Hydrogen sulfide waa sahlan tahay in lagu uruuriyo deegaanka gaaska aan jeclayn, waxayna u noqon kartaa sun dhirta iyo noolaha yaryar.Laakiin xaaladaha si fiican u hawo, hydrogen sulfide waa oksaydhed si sulfuric acid hoos fal bakteeriyada sulfur iyo falgal la saldhigga compost si ay u sameeyaan sulfate, taas oo aan kaliya baabi'in sunta ee hydrogen sulfide, oo uu noqdo nafaqo sulfur ah in dhirtu nuugi karto.Xaaladda hawo-xumo, sulfation ayaa dhacay, taas oo keentay in H₂ ay lunto oo ay sunto geedka.Inta lagu jiro habka halsano compost, hawada hawada compost waxaa lagu wanaajin karaa iyadoo si joogto ah loo rogo compost, sidaas darteed anti-sulfuration waa la tirtiri karaa.

• Beddelka lipids iyo xeryahooda organic caraf udgoon

Sida tannin iyo resin, waa mid adag oo gaabis ah si ay u qudhunto, iyo wax soo saarka ugu dambeeya sidoo kale waa CO₂ iyo biyaha Lignin waa xarun organic deggan oo ka kooban alaabta dhirta (sida jilif, balka, iwm) ee compoting.Aad bay u adag tahay in la burburiyo sababtoo ah qaab-dhismeedkeeda kakan iyo xudunta udgoon.Marka la eego xaaladda hawo wanaagsan, nukleus udgoon ayaa loo rogi karaa xeryahooda quinoid iyada oo loo marayo ficilka fangaska iyo Actinomycetes, taas oo ah mid ka mid ah alaabta ceeriin ee dib-u-soo-celinta humus.Dabcan, walxahan waxay sii wadi doonaan inay burburiyaan shuruudo gaar ah.

Marka la soo koobo, macdanta walxaha organic ka samaysan waxay siin kartaa nafaqeeyayaalka degdega ah ee dalagyada iyo noolaha, waxay tamar siin kartaa hawlaha microbial, iyo diyaarinta agabka aasaasiga ah ee hoos u dhigista maadada organic composted.Marka composting ay ku badan yihiin microorganisms aerobic, maadada organic si degdeg ah ayay macdanta u soo saartaa si ay u soo saarto kaarboon dioxide, biyo, iyo nafaqooyin kale, si degdeg ah oo si fiican u jajaban, oo sii daaya tamar badan oo kuleyl ah Burburinta maadada organic waa mid gaabis ah oo inta badan aan dhamaystirnayn, sii deyn yar tamarta kulaylka, iyo alaabta qudhuntay waxaa u dheer nafaqeeyayaalka dhirta, way fududahay in la ururiyo asiidhyada organic iyo walxaha wax dhimaya sida CH₄, H₂S, PH₃, H₂, iwm.Cawska compost inta lagu jiro halsano ayaa sidaas darteed sidoo kale loogu talagalay in lagu beddelo nooca waxqabadka microbial si loo baabi'iyo walxaha waxyeelada leh.

2.1.2 Humaynta maadada organic

Waxaa jira aragtiyo badan oo ku saabsan samaynta humus, kuwaas oo qiyaas ahaan loo qaybin karo laba marxaladood: marxaladda koowaad, marka hadhaaga organic ay jajabaan si ay u sameeyaan alaabta ceeriin ee ka kooban humus molecules, marxaladda labaad, polyphenol waa oxidized ilaa quinone. by Polyphenol oxidase oo ay soo dartay microorganism-ka, ka dibna quinone waxaa lagu ururiyaa amino acid ama peptide si ay u sameeyaan humus monomer.Sababtoo ah phenol, quinine, kala duwanaanta amino acid, uumi isku mid ah maahan si isku mid ah, sidaas darteed samaynta humus monomer sidoo kale waa kala duwan tahay.Xaalado kala duwan, monomer-yadani waxay sii adkeynayaan inay sameeyaan unugyo cabbirro kala duwan leh.

2.2 Beddelka biraha culus inta lagu guda jiro curinta

Walaxda degmadu waa mid ka mid ah alaabta ceeriin ee ugu fiican ee loogu talagalay curinta iyo halsano sababtoo ah waxay ka kooban tahay nafaqooyin qani ah iyo walxaha dabiiciga ah ee koritaanka dalagyada.Laakiin dhoobada degmadu waxay inta badan ka kooban tahay biro culus, birahan culus waxay guud ahaan tixraacaan meerkuri, chromium, cadmium, rasaas, arsenic, iyo wixii la mid ah.Microorganisms, gaar ahaan bakteeriyada iyo fangaska, waxay door muhiim ah ka ciyaaraan isbeddelka noole ee biraha culus.In kasta oo qaar ka mid ah noolayaasha yaryar ay bedeli karaan joogitaanka biraha culus ee deegaanka, ka dhigi karaan kiimikooyin aad u sun badan oo sababi kara dhibaatooyin halis ah oo deegaanka ah, ama ay xoogga saaraan biraha culus, oo ay ku ururaan silsiladda cuntada.Laakiin microbes qaar ka mid ah ayaa gacan ka geysan kara hagaajinta deegaanka iyagoo ka saaraya biraha culus ee deegaanka iyada oo loo marayo ficillo toos ah iyo kuwo aan toos ahayn.Beddelka microbial ee HG waxa ku jira saddex waji, ie methylation of inorganic mercury (Hg₂+), hoos u dhigida meerkuriga inorganic (Hg₂+) ilaa HG0, burburka, iyo dhimista methylmercury iyo xeryahooda meerkuri kale oo dabiici ah ilaa HG0.Microorganisms-ka awood u leh in ay u beddelaan meerkuri inorganic iyo organic u beddelo meerkuriga elemental waxaa loo yaqaannaa microorganisms mercury u adkaysta.Inkasta oo noole-yeerayaashu aysan hoos u dhigi karin biraha culus, waxay yareyn karaan sunta birta culus iyagoo xakameynaya dariiqa isbeddelka.

2.3 Habka ka dhigista iyo halsano

Burburinta waa nooc ka mid ah xasilinta qashinka, laakiin waxay u baahan tahay huurka gaarka ah, xaaladaha hawada, iyo noolaha yaryar si ay u soo saaraan heerkulka saxda ah.Heerkulka waxaa loo malaynayaa inuu ka sarreeyo 45 °C (qiyaastii 113 darajo Fahrenheit), taasoo ilaalinaysa inuu sare u kaco si ay u damiso jeermiska oo u disho abuur haramaha.Heerka qudhunka ee walxaha dabiiciga ah ee hadhaaga ka dib marka si macquul ah loo dhigo waa mid hooseeya, xoogaa deggan, oo ay fududahay in ay nuugaan dhirta.Urta si weyn ayaa loo dhimi karaa ka dib marka la curiyo.

Habka bacriminta waxaa ku jira noocyo badan oo kala duwan oo nooleyaal.Sababtoo ah isbeddelka alaabta ceeriin iyo xaaladaha, tirada unugyada yaryar ee kala duwan ayaa sidoo kale isbeddelaya si joogto ah, sidaas darteed ma jiraan wax yar oo mar walba ah oo xukuma habka wax-soo-saarka.Deegaan kastaa wuxuu leeyahay bulsho gaar ah oo microbial ah, iyo kala duwanaanshiyaha microbial-ka ayaa awood u siinaya compost si looga fogaado burburka nidaamka xitaa marka xaaladaha dibadda ay isbedelaan.

Habka bacriminta waxaa inta badan fulisa noolaha yaryar, kaas oo ah jirka ugu muhiimsan ee halsano.Unugyada yaryar ee ku lug leh curis-samaynta waxay ka yimaadaan laba ilood: tiro badan oo microbes ah oo horeba ugu jiray qashinka organic, iyo inoculum microbial macmal ah.Xaaladaha qaarkood, noocyadani waxay leeyihiin awood xoog leh oo ay ku dumin karaan qaar ka mid ah qashinka dabiiciga ah waxayna leeyihiin sifooyinka dhaqdhaqaaqa xooggan, faafinta degdega ah, iyo burburka degdega ah ee maadada organic, taas oo soo dedejin karta habka bacriminta, soo gaabiyo wakhtiga falcelinta bacriminta.

Burburinta guud ahaan waxa loo qaybiyaa composting aerobic iyo composting anaerobic laba nooc.Composting Aerobic waa habka kala-goynta walxaha organic ee xaaladaha hawada, iyo alaabteeda dheef-shiid kiimikaadka inta badan waa carbon dioxide, biyo, iyo kulayl;Isku-darka anaerobic waa habka kala-goynta walxaha dabiiciga ah ee hoos yimaada xaaladaha anaerobic, dheef-shiid kiimikaad ugu dambeeya ee kala-baxa anaerobic waa methane, carbon dioxide iyo dhexdhexaado badan oo miisaankoodu yar yahay, sida acids organic.

Noocyada ugu muhiimsan ee microbial ee ku lug leh habka dheef-shiid kiimikaadka waa bakteeriyada, fungi, iyo actinomycetes.Saddexdan nooc ee unugyadu waxay dhammaantood leeyihiin bakteeriyada mesophilic iyo bakteeriyada hyperthermophilic.

Inta lagu guda jiro geedi socodka bacriminta, dadka microbial bedelay beddelka sida soo socota: heerkulka hoose iyo dhexdhexaad bulshooyinka microbial bedelay dhexdhexaad iyo heerkul sare bulshooyinka microbial dhexdhexaad ah iyo heer-kulka sare bulshooyinka microbial bedelay dhexdhexaad iyo heerkulka hoose.Kordhinta wakhtiga qashinka, bakteeriyadu si tartiib tartiib ah ayey u yaraadeen, actinomycetes si tartiib tartiib ah ayey u kordheen, iyo caaryada iyo khamiirka dhammaadka compost si weyn ayaa loo dhimay.

Habka halsano ee compost organic waxaa si fudud loo qaybin karaa afar marxaladood:

2.3.1 Inta lagu jiro heerka kuleylka

Inta lagu jiro marxaladda hore ee bacriminta, nooleyaasha ku jira compost inta badan waa heerkul dhexdhexaad ah iyo jawi wanaagsan, kuwaas oo ay ugu badan yihiin bakteeriyada aan kudka lahayn, bakteeriyada kudka, iyo caaryada.Waxay bilaabaan habka halsano ee compost, oo ay qurxiyaan walxaha organic (sida sonkorta fudud, istaarijka, borotiinka, iwm.) si xoog leh hoos xaalad jawi wanaagsan, soo saarida kulayl badan iyo si joogto ah kor u heerkulka compost, kaca ka qiyaastii 20 °C (qiyaastii 68 darajo Fahrenheit) ilaa 40 °C (qiyaastii 104 darajo Fahrenheit) waxaa loo yaqaan heerka qandho, ama heerka heerkulka dhexe.

2.3.2 Inta lagu jiro heerkulka sare

Unugyada diirran ayaa si tartiib tartiib ah ugala wareegaya noocyada diirran heerkulku wuu sii socdaa, inta badan wuxuu ka sarreeyaa 50 ° C (qiyaastii 122 darajo Fahrenheit) dhowr maalmood gudahood, ilaa heerka kulaylka sare.Marxaladda heerkulka sare, actinomycetes kulaylka wanaagsan iyo fungus kulaylka wanaagsan ayaa noqda noocyada ugu muhiimsan.Waxay jebiyaan walxaha kakan ee organic-ga ah ee ku jira compost, sida cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, iyo wixii la mid ah.Kuleylka ayaa kor u kaca oo heerkulku wuxuu kor u kacaa 60 °C (qiyaastii 140 darajo Fahrenheit), tani aad bay muhiim u tahay in la dedejiyo habka bacriminta.Composting aan habboonayn ee compost, kaliya muddo aad u gaaban heerkulka sare, ama ma heerkulka sare, oo sidaas daraaddeed aad u gaabis ah maturity, in muddo nus sano ah ama muddo ka badan ma aha gobolka baaluq.

2.3.3 Inta lagu jiro marxaladda qaboojinta

Muddo cayiman ka dib inta lagu jiro marxaladda heerkulka sare, inta badan unugyada cellulose, hemicellulose, iyo pectin maaddooyinka ayaa burburay, oo ka tagay qaybo adag oo adag in la burburiyo (tusaale lignin) iyo humus cusub oo la sameeyay, dhaqdhaqaaqa unugyada yaryar ayaa hoos u dhacay. heerkulkuna tartiib tartiib ayuu hoos ugu dhacay.Marka heerkulku hoos uga dhaco 40 °C (qiyaastii 104 darajo Fahrenheit), microorganisms mesophilic ayaa noqda noocyada ugu badan.

Haddii marxaladda qaboojinta ay timaaddo goor hore, xaaladaha bacriminta maaha kuwo ku habboon iyo kala-goynta alaabta dhirta kuma filna.Halkaa marka ay marayso waxay u rogi kartaa raso, isku-darka walxaha raso, si ay u soo saarto kuleyl labaad, kuleyl, si kor loogu qaado compost.

2.3.4 Heerka ilaalinta qaangaadhka iyo bacriminta

Ka dib marka la nadiifiyo, mugga ayaa hoos u dhacaya heerkulka compost wuxuu hoos u dhacayaa in yar oo ka sarreeya heerkulka hawada, ka dibna compost waa in si adag loo cadaadiyaa, taasoo keenta xaalad anaerobic ah oo daciifisa macdanta walxaha organic, si loo ilaaliyo bacriminta.

Marka la soo koobo, habka halsano ee compost organic waa habka dheef-shiid kiimikaadka microbial iyo taranka.Habka dheef-shiid kiimikaadka microbial waa habka kala-goynta walxaha organic.Burburinta maadada organic waxay soo saartaa tamar, taasoo dhaqaajisa habka bacriminta, kor u qaad heerkulka, oo engejiya substrate-ka qoyan.

 
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